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SS-31
Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Studies
10mg$65.00$48.75/vial with BOGO
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Verified · HPLC Purity · 99%+
The Zorva standard
Purity you can verify
Every SS-31 lot is proven before it ships.
Each lot is independently tested by an accredited U.S. laboratory for HPLC purity and mass-spec identity before release, and the results are published on a lot-specific Certificate of Analysis. If your vial doesn't match its COA, we make it right.
- Size
- 10mg
- Purity
- ≥99% by HPLC
- Identity
- Mass-spec confirmed
- Testing
- Independent U.S. lab
About this compound
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide from the Szeto-Schiller family of mitochondria-targeted compounds. A net positive charge and alternating aromatic residues carry it across cell membranes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it associates with cardiolipin. That makes it a common tool in studies of respiratory-chain organization, oxidative stress and cellular energy output.
Aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide · cardiolipin-targeting
- Class
- Aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide · cardiolipin-targeting
- Formula
- C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅
- Molecular weight
- 639.8 g/mol
- Form
- Lyophilized powder
- CAS
- 736992-21-5
SS-31 at a glance
The key figures behind the compound. For laboratory research use only.
4
Amino acids
D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂
+3
Net charge
at physiological pH
>1,000×
Inner-membrane concentration
reported by Szeto, 2006
4
Research areas
Cardiac · Ischemia · Renal · Aged muscle
How It WorksCardiolipin Respiration ROS
How SS-31 works
The pathways SS-31 acts on — and what each one does. Signalling pathways studied in preclinical models · illustrative.
Inner-Membrane Targeting
SS-31 partitions into the inner mitochondrial membrane and associates with cardiolipin, the phospholipid that anchors respiratory-chain complexes and shapes the cristae. Published work reports that this uptake doesn't depend on membrane potential, so depolarized mitochondria are still reached in experimental models.
- Associates with cardiolipin
- Potential-independent uptake reported
- Cristae structure assessed in models
Electron Transport
With cardiolipin stabilized, researchers have examined how respiratory-chain supercomplexes assemble and how cytochrome c carries electrons, including whether it shifts toward peroxidase activity under stress.
- Supercomplex organization studied
- Cytochrome c function measured
- Oxygen use and ATP output assessed
Oxidative Stress
The dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) residue can scavenge reactive oxygen species. In ischemia–reperfusion models, mitochondrial ROS and cardiolipin peroxidation were measured after SS-31 exposure.
- Dmt residue scavenges ROS
- Cardiolipin peroxidation measured
- Studied in ischemia–reperfusion models
Uses & applicationsCardiology Ischemia Nephrology Aging Biology
What SS-31 is researched for
The main areas SS-31 is being studied for — and the study-reported figures behind them.
Heart Failure Models
Left-ventricular function, mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis were tracked over three months in a canine heart-failure model.
Sabbah et al. 2016
Reperfusion Injury
Infarct size was measured after SS-31 (as Bendavia) was given around reperfusion in sheep, rabbit and isolated guinea pig heart models.
Kloner et al. 2012
Renal Models
In rodent kidney ischemia models, researchers measured ATP recovery and tubular injury after SS-31 exposure.
Szeto et al. 2011
Aged Muscle
In aged mice, mitochondrial ATP production, coupling and fatigue resistance were measured after a single SS-31 exposure.
Siegel et al. 2013
Study-reported magnitudes
Representative figures from published research. Bars fill as you scroll.
- Infarct size reduction · rabbit ischemia–reperfusion (Brown et al. 2014)~50%
- Infarct size reduction · isolated guinea pig heart (Kloner et al. 2012)38–42%
- Infarct size reduction · sheep, in vivo (Kloner et al. 2012)15%
- LV ejection fraction · canine heart-failure model (Sabbah et al. 2016)30% → 36%
Figures as reported in the cited preclinical studies (Bendavia is an earlier name for SS-31). Shown for reference only.
Molecular Structure
The SS-31 molecule
- Formula
- C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅
- Molecular weight
- 639.8 g/mol
- Sequence length
- 4 residues
- CAS
- 736992-21-5
- Form
- Lyophilized powder
- Purity
- ≥99% (HPLC)
Third-Party Verified
Independently tested. Verifiably pure.
Every batch of SS-31 is sent to an accredited independent laboratory before it ships. Here is what we screen for.
- HPLC Purity AnalysisConfirms the peptide is ≥99% pure
- Mass SpectrometryVerifies the exact molecular identity
- Heavy Metals ScreeningLead, arsenic, cadmium & mercury — Pass
- Endotoxins (LAL)Bacterial endotoxin levels — Pass
- Sterility TestingNo microbial contamination — Pass
- Net Peptide ContentActual peptide mass per vial verified
Compound Information
Full specification
| Full Name | Elamipretide (SS-31) |
|---|---|
| Also Known As | MTP-131, Bendavia |
| Sequence | D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂ (Dmt = 2′,6′-dimethyltyrosine) |
| CAS Number | 736992-21-5 (free base) |
| Molecular Weight | 639.8 Da (free base) |
| Molecular Formula | C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅ |
| Target | Cardiolipin, inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Form | Lyophilized powder (10mg) |
| Purity | ≥99% (HPLC verified) |
| Testing | Third-party HPLC, Mass Spec, Endotoxin |
| Storage | −20°C long-term; protect from light |
| Solubility | Water-soluble |
| COA | Included with every order |
FAQ
Common questions about SS-31
SS-31, also called elamipretide (research codes MTP-131 and Bendavia), is the synthetic tetrapeptide D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂. "SS" stands for Szeto-Schiller, the two scientists behind the series. It's widely used as a research tool for studying cardiolipin and inner-membrane bioenergetics.
Cardiolipin is found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it helps hold respiratory-chain complexes together and shapes the cristae. Oxidized or depleted cardiolipin is a common marker in models of mitochondrial dysfunction, which makes a compound that associates with cardiolipin useful for studying those models.
Its +3 charge and alternating aromatic residues let it cross cell membranes and concentrate at the negatively charged inner membrane. Published work reports that this doesn't rely on membrane potential, unlike TPP-based mitochondrial probes.
Most published work covers ischemia–reperfusion injury in heart, kidney and brain tissue; heart-failure models; age-related decline in skeletal muscle; and inherited cardiolipin disorders such as Barth syndrome. Neurodegeneration and cell-based oxidative-stress systems are active areas too.
In September 2025 the FDA granted accelerated approval to an elamipretide drug product for Barth syndrome. Zorva Lab's SS-31 is not that product. It is a research-grade reference material sold only for in-vitro laboratory use and is not for human or veterinary use.
Keep lyophilized vials sealed at −20 °C for long-term storage, protected from light and moisture, and avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. SS-31 is water-soluble. Follow your institution's handling protocols.
Published Literature
Peer-reviewed literature
Independent published research indexed from PubMed and peer-reviewed journals — not Zorva Lab claims.
[1] PubMedCell-permeable peptide antioxidants targeted to inner mitochondrial membrane inhibit mitochondrial swelling, oxidative cell death, and reperfusion injury2004 · Zhao K et al. · J Biol ChemView source →[2] PubMedCell-permeable, mitochondrial-targeted, peptide antioxidants2006 · Szeto HH · AAPS JView source →[3] PubMedMitochondria-targeted peptide accelerates ATP recovery and reduces ischemic kidney injury2011 · Szeto HH et al. · J Am Soc NephrolView source →[4] PubMedReduction of ischemia/reperfusion injury with Bendavia, a mitochondria-targeting cytoprotective peptide2012 · Kloner RA et al. · J Am Heart AssocView source →[5] PubMedThe mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin2013 · Birk AV et al. · J Am Soc NephrolView source →[6] PubMedMitochondrial-targeted peptide rapidly improves mitochondrial energetics and skeletal muscle performance in aged mice2013 · Siegel MP et al. · Aging CellView source →[7] PubMedReduction of early reperfusion injury with the mitochondria-targeting peptide Bendavia2014 · Brown DA et al. · J Cardiovasc Pharmacol TherView source →[8] PubMedChronic therapy with elamipretide (MTP-131), a novel mitochondria-targeting peptide, improves left ventricular and mitochondrial function in dogs with advanced heart failure2016 · Sabbah HN et al. · Circ Heart FailView source →
For Research Use Only.
Not for human or veterinary use. For in-vitro laboratory research only. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA; this product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Sold exclusively to qualified researchers and institutions.
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